Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities

© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999


 

Index A-Z

 

 

A

Accelerative onset, 99-100

Accelerometer, 41, 98-100

Accommodation, 191, 203

Accordion configuration, 130

Acetylcholine, 79, 115, 153, 193, 195, 196-197, 285, 365

Acetylcholinesterase, 79, 115, 197

Acoustic amplitude absorption coefficients, 117

Acoustic attenuation, 117, 167

Acoustic attenuation,

function of temperature, 375

Acoustic communication, 181-182, 184

Acoustic energy,

reflection at interfaces, 163

shadowing/concentration, 162

transducers, 145-146

Acoustic impedance, 118, 296

values, 118, Appendix A

Acoustic microscopy, 112-113

Acoustic power,

available from physiological sources, 146

radiators, 181, 182

safe exposure limits, 161

transmission, 145-146, 160-163, 167

Acoustic sensing, 105-106, 112-113, 116-118

Acoustic threshold,

audible, 117, 162

pain, 162, 172

Acoustic transmission line, diamond, 184

Actin, see microfilament

Actin polymerization, 324

Actomyosin motor, see myosin motor

Acyclovir, 366

Addiction modules, 361

Addis, Thomas, 24

Adelman, Leonard M., 350

Adhesion antenna, 291, 371

Adhesion forces, 275-278

Adiabatic demagnetization, 375

Adipocytes, 247, 261

Adociasulfate-2, 328, 363

Adrenalin, see epinephrine

Aerobotics, 330-335; see also flying nanorobots

Affinity (ligand-receptor), 84-85

Affymetrix, 16

AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), 16, 45, 46, 56-60, 102, 112, 144, 154

AFM tip technology, 58-59

Agesilaus, 3

Aggregation,

aerial nanorobots, 332

platelets, 306

red blood cells, 300-301, 306

Airborne nanorobots, see flying nanorobots

Akey, Christopher W., 78

Alarm signal (chemical), 181

Albedo, mean Earth, Appendix A

Alberts, Bruce, 252, 259, 263, 264, 268, 269, 270, Appendix C

ALC, 179

Alchemy, 64

Alcmaeon of Croton, 5

Alcohol (beverage), see ethanol

Alexander the Great, 3, 6

Alimentary system, human, quantification, 222

Alimentography, human, 222-227

Alivisatos, A. Paul, 45

Alkadophilus, 69

Allbutt, Sir Clifford, 10

Allen, L., 214

Allotropic-transition cooling, 375

Allport, G.W., 25

Alvarez, L.W., 159

Amabilino, David B., 50

Ambulances, 10

American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, 16

American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM), 161

American Physiological Society, 232

Amoeba, 28, 116, 258, 291, 316, 317-318, 324

Amoebicidal, 366

Ampere's law, 110

Amphipathic lipids, 257, 258

Amphotericin B, 366

Analog Devices, 41, 98

Analytical Engine, 343

Anaphylaxis, 179, 181

Anastomosis, 213, 214

Anatomy, history of, 10-11

Anchorage, in cell membrane, 313, 315-316

Andrade's formula, 299, 372

Anesthesia,

electronic, 197

history of, 11-12

surgery without, 11

Angular momentum, proton, 113, Appendix A

Anomalous radiative transfer, see near-field anomalous radiative transfer

Ansell, Richard J., 88

Antarctic fish enzyme (cold-tolerant), 374

Antibiotics, 15, 364

Antifungal agents, 366

Antiseptics, history of, 12-14

Antiviral agents, 366

Aorta, human, 210, 212, 243, 245, 302, 319

Apoptosis (programmed cell death), 359-361

Appendix, vermiform (anatomical), 19, 227

Applied Modern Technologies Corp., 191

Archimedes, 6

Arenobufagin, 365

Arey, Leslie Brainerd, 226

Aristotle, 6, 35

Arney, Susanne C., 61

Arnold, Marc, 67

Arnold of Villanova, 12

Aromatic pi bonds, 84

Arteries, 210-211

Artificial proteins and base pairs, 44

Artificial symptoms, 204

Aschoff, Von Jurgen, 239

Asclepiades of Bithynia, 6

Asclepius, 5

Ashkin, A., 369

Asimov, Isaac, 28, 29, 30

Assembler, see molecular assembler

Association rate constant, 85

Astrocytes, 253, 254, 264

Astumian, R. Dean, 110, 149

Asynchronous control, 337

Ataka, Manabu, 293

Atherstone, W.G., 12

Atmosphere (Earth),

composition, Appendix A

standard pressure, Appendix A

Atom and ion diameters, Appendix A

Atom lithography, 42

Atomic clocks, 341

Atomic Force Microscope, see AFM

Atomic mass unit (amu), Appendix A

ATP, 114, 141, 146, 147, 148, 245, 259, 262, 263, 264, 326

AT&T Bell Laboratories, 50

Aubrey, John, Afterword

Audible frequencies, maximum, 162

Audible pressure, minimum, 105-106

Audible power intensity, 117, 199, 207

Australian sensor, see ion channel switch sensor

Australopithecus, 1

Autocrine mediators, 193

Autogenous control, 32, 188, 189-192, 197-206

Autolysis, 262, 361

A.V.I.D. Identification Systems, 353

Avogadro's number, Appendix A

Avouris, Phaedon, 60

B

Babbage, Charles, 343

Backward chaining, Afterword

Bacteria, 123, 124, 329-330, 370

chemical composition, 371

galvanotropic, 110

in human colon, 227, 247

in therapeutic pills, 69

largest known, 370

magnetotactic, 110, 307

minimum size of motive genera, 308

number density on the skin, 329-330

optimal shapes, 123, 124

smallest known, 370

square, 123

Bacterial actin-based motility, 324

Bacterial exhaust plumes, 246

Bacterial sex pili, 137, 280

Bacteriocide, mechanical, 356, 357, 367-368, 370-372

Bacteriocins, 364

Bacteriophages, 364

Bag inflation pressure, 132-133

Balasubramaniam, L., 62

Ball, Philip, 43

Ballast control, 358-359

Bandgap (electronic), Appendix A

Banting, Sir Frederick, 15

Bar magnet, 110, 192

Barbee, J.H., 303

Barber surgeons, 4, 8

Barbiturates, 15

Barnard, Christiaan, 15

Barographicyte, 243-244

Barography, 119

Baronatation, 373

Basketane, 48, 49

Basophils, 325

Batteries,

chemical, 140

nuclear, 156

Beardsley, T.M., 31

Bearing, molecular, 61

Becker, R.S., 57

Becker, Wayne M., 248, 260, 264, 268, 286, 371

Becquerel, Alfred, 10

Bedside practice, history of, 23-24

Beilstein Information Systems, 64

Bejan, A., 373

Bekenstein, Jacob D., 353

Bekenstein Bound, 353

Bellevue Hospital (New York), 10

Bending moment, axoneme, 286

Bending stiffness, 287, 315; see also rigidity and stiffness

Bennett, Charles H., 349, 350

Bennett, J.C., 24

Bentham, Jeremy, 11

Benzylpenicillin, 364

Berg, Howard C., 73, 95, 96

Berger, Douglas, Preface

Bergstrom, D.E., 45

Bernal, J.D., 27

Bernard, Claude, 14

Bernard de Gordon, 12

Best, Charles, 15

Betadine, 366

Bhojani, Rehal, Preface

Bialek, W., 93

Billroth, Theodor, 14

Binding pad, 92, 96

Binding site engineering, 82-84, 88-90

Binding sites, active, 86-87

Binnig, Gerd Karl, 56

Biocomputers, 349-351

Bioelectromagnetics, 116

Bioelectronics, 111, 351

Biofeedback (electric) signals, detection by individual nanorobots, 183

Biofuel cell, 152-154

Biogalvanic energy, 152

Biological power levels, 170, 171

Biological engineering, 27-29

Bioluminescence, 114, 147, 298

Biorobots, 29, 32-35

Biosensors, 93

Biotechnology, 31, 43-46

Biotechnology vs. nanotechnology, 21, 22, 31-35

Bishop, Forrest, Preface

Bishop, W.J., Preface, 3

Bivalvane, 48, 49

Black ass testicles, 4

Black Death, see plague

Blackout, see communications blackout

Blazie Engineering, Inc., 198

Blish, James, 27

Block exchange model, 133, 134

Block, Steven M., 93, 110

Blood,

circulation, 210-211

composition, Appendix B

Blood flow,

cell-free plasmatic zone, 302, 305, 312

inlet length, 302

parabolic velocity profile, 302-303

plug and partial-plug, 303, 304

Blood groups, 250-252

Blood perfusion rates, tissues and organs, 214

Blood pressure and pulse, 116

Blood, radial distribution of elements, 301

Blood temperature, 239, 240

Blood transfusions, 14

Blood viscosity, 72, 299-301

Bloodletting or bleeding, see venesection

Blundell, James, 14

Body cell mass (BCM), 247

Boehm, Frank, Preface

Bohr radius, Appendix A

Bohringer, Karl-Fredrich, 293

Boiling point,

constants, molal, 374

function of pressure, 354

function of solute concentration, 373

various substances, 374

Boltzmann's constant, Appendix A

Bond energy and length, Appendix A

Boolean logic/gates, 284-285, 343-344, 349-350, 352

Boron, 143, 152, 166

Bose-Einstein condensates, 341

Bossert, William H., 179

Boswell, Jonathan, Preface

Botulin toxin, LD50, 365

Boundary layer effects, 312

Bova, Ben, 31

Bowling, R. Allen, 275

Bradbury, Robert J., Preface, 21, 29, 35, 179, 180, 196, 297, 298, 351, 361, 362, 368, 369, 371

Bradwell, Stephen, 8

Braille-like displays, 129, 133, 136, 183, 198

Bramblett, Claud A., Preface

Brandeis University, 64

Brandt, S.A., 337

Bray, Dennis, 193

Breakdown voltage, 109, 141, 291, Appendix A

Brefeldin A, 363

Brenner, Donald W., Preface, 58, 135, 358, Afterword

Bright, Richard, 10

Brin, David, Preface

Broadcast architecture, 65

Bronchial system, human, quantification, 219

Bronchography, human, 219-222

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 71

Broughton, Jeremy Q., 341

Brownian bombardment, effect on nanomachines, 39-40

Brownian computers, 352

Brownian motion/diffusion, 39-40, 72, 124, 180, 235, 245, 302, 305, 314, 321, 323

Brownian motor, 142, 149, 155

Brownian rotation, 72, 100, 102, 237, 305

Buckling force, 266, 280, 286-287, 329, 331, 358, 370-371

Buckyballs and buckytubes, 51, 53, 58

Bufagin, see arenobufagin

Bulk modulus, Appendix A

Bumpers, metamorphic (nanorobot), 124, 126, 136-137

Buoyancy (nanorobot), 331-332, 358-359

Burke, William, 11

Burney, Fanny, 11

Burton, Alan C., 239

Bush, Vannevar, 343

Butler, J.F., 332

Butterflies, 134, 287, 334

Butterfly molecule, 49

C

CAD/CAM/CASD, 64, 68

Cadherins, 254, 314, 315

Calcium, 79, 193, 194, 204, 260, 367

Calixarenes, 48, 49, 86

Calorimeters, 108

Calsequestrin, 194

CalTech, 16, 62

CambridgeSoft, 64

Cambridge University, 193

CAMEO, 64

Cammann, George P., 10

cAMP, see cyclic AMP

Campbell, E.J.M., 19

Cannabis, 4

Canon, 191

Capillaries,

microcirculation, 211-214

minimum diameter, 211-213

Capillary forces, 278-280

Carbohydrates, combinatoric diversity, 254

CarboLex, 52

Carbolic acid, 13

Carbon, phases with pressure, 356

Carbon dioxide,

liquid, 356

solidification with pressure, 356

Carbon monoxide, 86, 87, 197, 374

Carbon nanotubes, see nanotubes, fullerenes

Carbyne, 140

Carcerands, 48, 86

Carnot efficiency, 142, 152, 170

Carter, Kenneth C., 270

Cartotaxis, 234-235

CAS, 64

CAS Registry, 46

Cassinis (gravity) formula with Bouguer correction, 119

Catalase, 339

Catalytic task space, 44, 85

Catenanes, 50

Cato, 6

Cats, red blood cells, 212

Caveolae, 258

Cavitation, ultrasonic, 109, 161, 273

Cavity Stuffer, 91

Cell, see cyto-

chemical composition, 71, 371

components, quantification, 256

interior hydrodynamic flows, 100, 268, 323

interior map half-life, 268

interior mesh spacing, 267, 271; see also mesh spacing

interior viscosity, 299, 300

mass (typical), 247

maximum number nanorobots inside, 323

mechanical signal transduction, 314, 324-325

schematic view, 255

smallest possible (theoretical), 129, 370

speed of movement, 82, 188, 265, 266, 270, 286, 291, 311, 317, 320, 324, 325

"stab" microinjection, 323

Cell adhesion molecules, 253-254

Cell bioscanning, 111-116

Cell cortex, 265

Cell division, 362, 363

Cell emanations, rf/microwave, 116

Cell junctions, 136-137, 320

Cell membrane,

biochemical composition, 257

elastic moduli, 314-315

lipid bilayer, 255, 257-258, 314, 315

membranolytic limit, 314, 316, 317, 321

penetration, see cytopenetration

self-sealing, 323, 368

snapback time, 315

surface viscosity, 315

Cell mills, 32

Cell poisons, 362-367

Cell repair machines, 30, 32

Cell theory, history of, 14

Cell turnover rate, 90, 200, 235, 258

Cell type identification, 252-255

Cell volume sensing, 114-115

Cells,

detachment force, 136

number in human body, 247

number of types, 252

power density, 171

signal transduction force, 194

types of, Appendix C

Cellular disruption, 368-369

Cellular gate technology, 349-350

Cellular topography, 112

Celsus, 2, 7, 21

Census data, in cyto, 268

Centrifugation, see nanocentrifuge

Cerebrospinal fluid, 229

Cerius2, 64

Chain, Ernst, 15

Chalcogenides, 111, 155

Chamberlain, Fred, Preface

Chamberlain, Linda, Preface

Chancey, C.C., 80

Chang, Thomas M.S., Preface

Changeau, J.P., 26

Channel blockers, 365

Channel destroyers, 365

Chaperones, 263

Charles II of England, 9

Chem3D, 64

Chemical assay, 95

Chemical composition,

bacterial cell, 371

human bile, 225

human bone, 228

human cerebrospinal fluid, 229

human chyme, 245

human duodenal secretion, 226

human extracellular matrix (ECM), 230-231, 319-320

human feces, 227

human flatus, 227

human gastric juice, 224

human blood/serum, Appendix B

human body, 71, 230

human cells, 71, 230-232, 257-266

human lymph, 217-218

human pancreatic juice, 225

human pituitary gland, 230

human pleural fluid, 220

human saliva, 223, 246

human small intestine secretion, 226

human sweat, 273

human synovial fluid, 230

human tooth enamel, 328-329

virus, 369-370

vitamins in human organs, 230, 232

Chemical Computing Group Inc., 64

Chemical energy, human body resources, 147

Chemical force microscopy, 57, 58, 96

Chemical poisoning, 362-367

Chemoelectric cells, 152-153, 154

Chemographicytes, 246

Chemography, 244-246

Chemomapping, 246

Chemomessaging, 191, 193-197

Chemomessenger cable, 185

Chemonavigation, 244-246, 272

Chemosensor, 93-97

Chemotactic sensor, 96, 250, 255

Chemotaxis, 327-328

Chen, Junghuei, 46

Cheselden, William, 9

Chewing, pressure exerted during, 234, 9.5.1

Chien, S., 245, 301, 302, 305

Childbirth, 36

Chinese puzzle box, 294

Chirality, 75, 86

Chiron, 64

Chirurgia (surgery), 6

Chloroform, 12

Chlorophyll, 111, 155

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), 15, 363

Cholera, 1, 13

Cholesterol, 141, 146, 147, 218, 223, 225, 226, 229, 257, Appendix B

Chothia, Cyrus, 91

Chromatin (chromosomes), 269, 270, 271, 272

Chromomorphic surfaces, nanorobotic, 135-136, 192

Chromosomes, 269-270

speed of movement, 270, 272

territories, 270, 271-272

Chronobiology, 337-338

Chronocyte, 341, 342

Chubb, Scott R., Preface

Churchane, 48, 49

Churchill, Sharon, Preface

Churchill, Winston, 2

Chyle, 217

Chyme, 224, 225, 245

CIARA, 64

Ciliary transport system (arrays), 293, 310

Cilium, 33, 286, 310

Circadian clock, 204, 337, 338

Circulatory system, human, quantification, 212

Cisplatin, 366

Clarke, William E., 12

Clathrate, 47

Clathrin, 253, 258, 261

Claytor, Thomas N., 160

Cleavage energy, Appendix A

Cleland, A.N., 165

Cleopatra, 10

Cline, Henry, 11

Clocks and timing, nanorobots, 134-135, 337-342

Clogging, 281; see also nanosieve pore clogging

Coanda effect, 285

Coasting, nanorobot viscous, 304

Coaxial cable, 166-167, 184

Cocaine, as local anesthetic, 12

Cochlear implant devices, 200

Cochrane, Peter, 353

Cockcroft-Walton reaction, 159

Coffey, Donald S., 271

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS), 114, 116

Cokelet, G.R., 300, 301, 303

Colbert, Daniel T., 52

Colcemid, 363

Colchicine, 327, 363

Collagen, 129, 133, 230, 319, 320

Collins, Philip G., Preface, 348

Collisions, nanorobots with blood elements, 305-306

Columbia University, 64

Combinatoric diversity, carbohydrates, 254

Combustion, 149-152, 173, 296, 358, 375

Communication,

acoustic broadcast, 181-182

biocellular messaging, 193-197

cables, 184-185

chemical broadcast, 177-181

electromagnetic broadcast, 182-183

messenger pill, 191

nanomechanical, 183

nanorobot, 177-207

networks, 186-188

transvenue, 207

Communications blackout, 187, 188

Communicytes, 185-186, 187-188

Compiler, 68

Complement, 249, 365

Compressibility, 77, 88, Appendix A

negative, 140, 356

Computation,

Bekenstein-bounded, 353

nanorobot, 342-353

Concentration gradient, bacterial sensing, 96

Conductivity,

electrical, 152, 165-166, 174, 283, 284

function of pressure, 356

quantized, 166, 348

fullerene, 166, 348

thermal, 109, 166, 168, 242, 374, Appendix A

function of temperature, 374

Conformer, 64

Conjugation, of nanorobots, 321

Containerization (transport), 82, 285

Container molecules, 86

Control,

of buoyancy, 358-359

of cytocarriage, 326-327, 328

of manipulators, 133-134, 292-293

of mitosis, 362, 363

open loop, 292

Convergent assembly, 65, 66

Conveyor belts (nanoscale), 82, 166

Coombs, Richard R.H., 31

Cooper, Astley, 11

Coordinated Universal Time, 338; see also WWV

Core temperature, human body, 239

Cormack, David H., 232, 233, 286

Cornell Nanofabrication Facility, 16, 42, 60

Coulomb blockade, see conductivity, electrical quantized

Coulomb's law (forces), 83, 109, 283

Coulomb repulsion (nuclear), 156

Counting rotor, 94-95

Covalent bond, 82-83, 102

rupture strength, 102

Coviello, Gino J., Preface

Crack velocity, Appendix A

Crawford, Richard, 31

Crawfurd, Sir Raymond, 9

Cray supercomputer, 69, 343

Crick, Francis, 15

Crossfire, 64

Crowding, cytosolic proteins, 115, 259

Crushing force, of dental nanorobots, 329

Cryonics, 27, 29, 30, Afterword

Cryptaspherands, 48, 86

Crystallescence, 281-282

Crystal Sketchpad, 63, 64

Cubane, 48, 50

Cunningham, Roger K., 250

Customized diagnosis and treatment, 23-24

Cyanide, 363, 367

Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 193, 195, 196

Cyclophane, 48

Cyclosis, 327

Cyclosporin, 15

Cyclotron, nanoscale, 157

Cytoambulation, 312-318

Cytocarriage, 325-328, 372

Cytochalasin B, 318, 327, 362, 363

Cytocide, 359-372

biochemical, 359-367

mechanical, 356, 367-372

Cytography, 255-268

Cytoidentification, 247-255

Cytokines, 193, 194, 195

Cytometrics, 247

Cytonatation, 324-325, 358

Cytonavigation, 247-273

Cytopenetration, 321-324, 330

Cytoplasm, 258, 259, 299

Cytoskeletolysis, 367-368

Cytoskeleton, 264-266

Cytosol, 258-259

Cytotomography, 113-114

Czarn, Andrew, Preface

D

Daimler-Benz, 41, 98

Damha, Masad J., 45

Danielli, J.F., 28

DARPA, 155, 206

Darsey, Jerry A., Preface

Darwin, Michael G., 29, 31

Data secretion glands, 206

Davis, H., 199

Davy, Sir Humphry, 12

Dead reckoning, 234, 267, 273

Deamer, David W., 248, 260, 264, 265, 268, 286

Death, average age, in Roman times, 2

Death, leading causes in U.S., 1890 and 1990, 9

Debye-Huckel reciprocal length parameter, 84, 278

Debye-Huckel shielding, 83, 109, 113, 373

Decibel notation (acoustics), defined, 117

Dedicated nano-organs,

biodisposal, 370

chronometry, 342

communication, 188, 206

computation, 353

energy, 169-170

library, 188, 238, 353

navigation, 238

nuclear power, 157, 170

sensory, 188

Defensins, 328, 366

Deflection and buckling forces, 286

DeGrado, W.F., 44

De Koninck, Paul, 194

Delaage, Michel, 85

Demarcation, 209, 235

barographic, 243

chemical, 244

thermal, 192, 240

Denaturation, see protein denaturation

Dendrimers, 47, 50, 53, 54, 86, 156

Density,

various materials, 98, 105, 242, 356, Appendix A

Dental walking, 328-329

Denys, Jean-Baptiste, 14

Dermal displays, 192, 204-206

Dermatoglyphics, 273

Dertouzos, Michael, 186

Descartes, Rene, 24

Design compilers, 68

Desmosome, 136, 320

Detox response (intoxication), 191; see also ethanol

Dewdney, A.K., 31

Diagnosis, 21-22, 23-24

Diamond,

cleavage, 183, 296, Appendix A

colors, 135, 356

decomposition, 294-298

energy storage, 140, 141

gears, 41

graphitization, 296

properties, 51, 135, 173, 174, 276, 295, 296, 297, 298, 340, 356, 358, 372, 374, Appendix A

resistivity, 174, Appendix A

solvation of, 297

DiamondCAD, 64

Diamondoid,

rods and cables, 87, 88, 101, 168, 184, 185

struts, 51

Diamondophagy, 298

Diapedesis (transendothelial migration), 120, 318-319, 327

Dielectric constant, 84, 109, 110, 141, 151, 155, 166-167, 283, Appendix A

function of temperature, 375

Dielectric drive, 155

Dielectric strength, see breakdown voltage

Diels-Alder reaction, 50, 53, 54

Difference Engine, 343

Differential Analyzer, 343

Diffusion, 72-75

active intake, 72-74

elevated rate, due to red cells, 72

lateral, in plasma membrane, 313

passive intake, 72, 95-96

table of coefficients, 73

translational, 315

Diffusion cascade sortation, 74-75

Diffusion coefficients, 73

Diffusion-limited broadcast, messenger molecules, 179

Diffusion-limited glucose current, 72, 147

Diffusion-limited oxygen current, 72, 147

Diffusion time, glycine, 74

Dillon, Robert, 307

Diphtheria, deaths from, 15

Disassembly for disposal, 293-298

Disease,

definition of, 18-20, 36-37

evolved with man, 1

of ape ancestors of man, 1

volitional normative model, 20

Dislodgement forces, 316, 330

Dispersion forces, see van der Waals interactions

Displacement sensor, 97

Disposability engineering, 294

Dissociation rate constant, 85

Ditto, W.L., 351

DNA, 15, 16, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 45, 46, 83, 111, 114, 165, 178, 193, 269, 270, 271, 272, 280, 292, 350, 351, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 366, 368, 369, 370, 371

computing, 350

custom sequences,

current (1998) cost, 29, 68

ordered online, 46, 68

data storage, 178, 345

laddering, 360

mitochondrial, 263

polyhedra, 45, 46

superhelical twisting, 168

UV damage, 369

Dobson, Matthew, 10

Docking,

of nanorobots, see conjugation

of nanotubes, 60

Dodecahedron (rhombic, rhombo-hexagonal), 124, 127, 128

DOE, 157

Dogs, red blood cells, 212

Dominance columns, in brain, 192

Dominoes, 132

Donaldson, Thomas, Preface, 28-29

Donnan-van't Hoff formula, 77

Doppelganger proteins, 33

Doppler velocimeter, 98

Dragon Systems, 191

Drain, C.M., 50

Drexler, K. Eric, Foreword, Preface, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35, 36, 39, 43, 44, 46, 49, 55, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 76, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 90, 93, 100, 101, 132, 140, 144, 145, 155, 166, 148, 153, 165, 174, 175, 178, 184, 192, 276, 282, 283, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296, 297, 339, 340, 343, 344, 345, 347, 350, 352, 356, 374, Afterword

Dualist theory of human mind, 24-25

Duan, Yong, 44

Dubois, Eugene, 1

DuCharme, Wesley M., 31

Ducker, W.A., 60

Dworaczyk, Cynthia, Preface

Dye, William L., Preface

Dyer, Mark, Preface, 60

Dynamic Enterprises Ltd., 52

Dynein motor, 116, 147, 263, 286

E

Eachus, Robert I., Preface

Ear, human, 97, 106, 199-200

Earnshaw's theorem, 151

Earth's core, 355

Eaton, Philip E., 48

Eavesdropping, 115, 119, 121, 183, 189, 190, 192, 194, 246, 327-328

Ebers Papyrus, 4

E-CELL, 16

ECG/EEG/EKG, see electrocardiac and electroencephalic

Eckmiller, Rolf, 204

ECM (extracellular matrix), 188, 193, 230-232, 292, 319-320, 360

ECM mesh size, 319

Edelstein, Martin, Preface

Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1803, 23

Edwards, Merrill, 239

Edwin Smith Papyrus, 4-5

Effervescence, 281-282

Eggbeater tool, 292, 372

Eigler, D.M., 57

Einstein, Albert, 57, 58, 72, 315

Einstein-Smoluchowski equation, 315

Einstein-Stokes equation, 72

Elastin, 319

Electrets, 151, 155

Electric field energy, 141-142

Electric field sensors (electrosensors), 109-110, 164-165

Electric fields, comparisons, 109

Electrical insulator, minimum atomic thickness, 42

Electrical interference, 174

Electrical vs. mechanical nanosystems, 173-174

Electric Power Research Institute, 160

Electroactive polymers, 154

Electrocardiac (ECG/EKG) and electroencephalic (EEG) signals,

detection by individual nanorobots, 183, 192

Electrocution, 109

Electrodynamic suspension, 151

Electromigration, 141, 166

Electron drift speed (mobility), 174, Appendix A

Electronic anesthesia, 197

Electron-volt, Appendix A

Electroporation, 80

Electrosensitive gel sensor, 109

Electrostatic bonds and forces, 83-84, 277

Electrostatic motor/generator, 153-154

Electrostrictive polymers, 154

Electrotaxis, 327

Elementary charge, Appendix A

Elias, Hans, 233

Ellenbogen, J.C., Preface, 348, 349

Emanuelson, Jerry, 31

Emissivity, Appendix A

Empedocles, 5

Emperipolesis, 267

EMP (electromagnetic pulse), 174, 345

Endocytosis, 258, 261, 262, 323

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 260, 263, 266, 267, 268

rough ER, 197, 250, 260, 269

smooth ER, 260

Endorphins, 16

Endothelium, 211

Energy,

nanorobot, see power

per bit of information, 177, 353

storage, 139-142

storage density, various fuels, 141

Engels, Friedrich, 9

Engulf formation, 134, 370

Entropic packing, 308

Enzyme complexes, 259

Enzymes, 86, 108, 349-350

Eosinophils, 325

Epidermal maps, 273

Epinephrine (adrenalin), 194, 196, 246

Equilibrium dissociation constant, 85

Erichsen, Sir John Eric, 14, Afterword

Erasistratus of Chios, 6

Erlangen University, 64

EROS, 64

Erythrocyte, see RBC (red blood cell)

Esophagus, human, 224

Ethane, 87

Ethanol (alcohol), 153, 191, 240, 246, 262, 283, 358, 367, 374

Ether frolics, 12

Etoposide, 363

Ettinger, Robert C.W., 27, 28, 29

Euclid, 6

Euler buckling force, see buckling force

Euler's theorem, 53

Evans, E.A., 313

Evans, Glen A., 29

Evans, T., 296, 297

Evipan, 15

Examination, of patients, 20-21

Excited states (electronic), 142, 298

Exocytosis, 261, 323

Extremozymes (extremophiles), 298

Extracellular matrix, see ECM

Extrusion, of cell nucleus, see nuclear extrusion

Eyeball, human, 201, 202, 203, 204

Eyring, H., 339

F

Fahraeus, R., 303

Fahy, Gregory M., Preface, 31, 32, 34, 44, 60, 375

Failure (rupture) strength, 33, 265, 266, 295, 313, 314

Fant, K.M., 337

Faraday constant, 81, Appendix A

Fauci, Lisa, 307

FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 161, 178

Feces, 227

Feinberg, G., 30

Ferric wheel, 48, 49

Ferritin, 262, 351, 366, 368

Feynman Grand Prize, 40, 67

Feynman, Richard P., 26, 30, 39, 40-41, 142, 203, 352, 368, Afterword

Fibroblast, 32, 33, 111, 228, 247, 252, 254, 258, 261, 264, 265, 266, 268, 291, 309, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 350, 368

Fiedler, Frederick A., 31

Fight or flight response, 194, 196

Filtration, 77-79

Fingerprints, 273; see also dermatoglyphics

Fingers, metamorphic nanorobotic, 129, 130, 133-134

Finger tapping and typing, 189-191

Fish (swimming), smallest known, 309

Fissile nuclear species, 158

Fission (nuclear power), 158-159

Flagellar ionic motor, 148

Flagellar propulsion, 308, 311

Flashlight beam, 192

Flatus, 118, 227

Fleming, Alexander, 15

Flexible fabric model, 132-133

Flexural rigidity, see rigidity

Flicker frequency, 203

Flight efficiency, insects, 334

"Flight of the Bumblebee" (Rimsky-Korsakov), 190

Flight speed, insects, 332, 334

Flitman, Steven S., Preface

Florey, Howard, 15

Fluconazole, 366

Fluid flow in tubes, 278-281

Fluidic circuits, 284-285

Fluid mixing, 284

Fluorescence, 114, 262, 266

Fluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, 178-179

Fluphenazine, 363

Flying nanorobots, 273-274, 330-335

communication, 207

navigation, 273-274

power and velocity, 332-333

Flywheels (energy storage), 139-140

Focused ultrasound surgery (FUS), 243

Follicular (crinal) map, 273

Food allergy/intolerance, 36

Food viscosity, 223

Foresight Institute, Preface, 40, 67

Forrest, David R., Preface

Foster, John S., 56, 57, 58

Fowler, Berry, Preface

Fowler, Thomas, 343

Frank, F.C., 159

Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics, 64

Fredkin, Edward, 352

Freeman, Tim, Preface

Freeplay Power Group, 145

Freezing point,

constants, molal, 374

function of pressure, 355-356

function of solute concentration, 373

various substances, 105, 355-356, 374

Freitas, Barbara Lee, Preface

Freitas, Nancy Ann, Preface

Freitas, Robert A., Jr., Foreword, Preface, 31, 59, 66, Afterword

Freitas, Robert A., Sr., Preface

Freud, Sigmund, 25

Friction and wear, in nanomachines, 40, 49, 51, 55, 61

Frohlich, H., 116

Fronek, K., 245

Fuel cells, 152-153, 154

Fuhr, Gunter, 284

Fujitsu Ltd., 64

Fukuda, Toshio, 309

Fuller, Buckminster, 51

Fullerenes, 16, 51-56, 61, 126, 296, 297, 348, 356

bearings, 55

diameters, 52

gears, 55

motor, 55-56

struts, 56

Fullerene Science and Technology, 51

Fulton, Alice B., 259

Fusion,

cell membrane, 261, 322-323

nuclear power

conventional, 159

catalyzed, 159-160

Fusogen, 322

G

Gadolinium-148, 157, 158, 170

Gaehtgens, P., 303

Gage, Thomas W., Preface

Gaits, legged nanorobot, 316

Galen of Pergamon, 6, 7, 10, 24

Galileo, 10

Gallabu (barber surgeons), 4

Gallbladder (human organ), 225

Galvanotropic bacteria, 110

Garrett, Steven L., 146

Garrod, Alfred, 10

Gas expansion, temperature effect, 134

Gas leakage, from storage vessels, 356, 358

Gas molecule packing densities, 355

Gasson, Peter C., 128

Gasteiger, Johann, 64

Gastroelectric patterns, 121, 183

Gaussian Inc., 64

Gaussian94, 64

Gaver, Donald, III, 307

Gear trains, 144, 167

General Foods, 356

Gene therapy, 16

Genes, 269, 270

Gen-Etics, 353

Genomes, complete maps, 16

Geographic macrosensing, 119, 120

Geomagnetic field vector, 110, 120

Georgia Tech, 351

Gerber, Ch., 56

Germ theory, history of, 12-14

German Cancer Research Centre, 271

Germanium, 143, 152, 157

Ghadiri, M. Reza, 47, 48, 89

Gibbs free energy, 85, 105-106, 145

Gilbreath, William P., 59, 66

Gilmore, John, Preface

Gimzewski, James K., 40, 49, 58, 59, 343, 346

Girolamo Fracastoro of Verona, 12, 13

Global Positioning System, see GPS

Globus, Al, Preface, 55, 56

Glucose, 141, 147, 149, 196, 245, 261

concentration, 202, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 230, Appendix B

engines, 149-152

solubility in water, 150, 282

transporters, 147

Glycocalyx, 210-211, 231, 245, 254, 258, 313, 316

Glycogen, 141, 146, 196, 261

Glycophorins, 254, 258, 313

Goddard, W.A., III, 62, 63, 64, 65-66

Goldsmith, H.L., 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307

Golgi complex, 259, 260-261, 268

Golovchencko, J.A., 57

GPS (Global Positioning System), 183, 188, 237, 238, 342

Gramicidin, 365

Granules (storage, in cells), 261-262

Granulitoxin, 365

Granulocytes, 252

Granulomatous reaction, 169, 179

Granulysin, 328, 362

Graphene, 51-52, 132

Graphite, 51

Graphitization, of diamond, 296

Gravimeter (gravity sensor), 102-103, 119

Gravitational constant, Appendix A

Gravity, acceleration of, Appendix A

Greep, R.O., 221

Greiff, P., 99

Griseofulvin, 363

Guth Laboratories, 153

Guttentag, Otto E., 2, 20, 22, 24

Guyton, Arthur C., 220, 223, 224, 225, 228, 233, 255

Gyromagnetic ratio, proton, 113, Appendix A

Gyroscopes, nanorobotic, 99, 100

Gyroscopic effects, nanorobots in blood flow, 305-306

Gyrostabilization, of nanorobots, 237, 306

H

Haagensen, C.D., 217, 218

Halacy, D.S., Jr., 28

Haldane, J.B.S., 66

Halg, B., 10.2.1

Hall, J. Storrs, Preface, 65, 66, 67, 292, 331, 344, 352

Hall effect, 111

Halperin, James L., Preface

Hamaker constant, 84, 276, 278

Hammurabic Code, 4, 5

Han, Jie, Preface, 55

Hand, human, bone structure, 189

HandyKey, 190

Hanessian, Steve, 64

Haptotaxis, 319

Hardy, James D., 239

Hare, William, 11

Harpooning, of cells, 368

Harvard Medical School, 204

Harvard University, 64

Harvey, William, 2, Afterword

Haukedalen, Barbara, Preface

Haukedalen, Danny, Preface

Hearing, see audible

Heath, James R., 351

Heat capacity,

function of temperature, 374

various materials, 242, Appendix A

Heat of fusion, various materials, 374, Appendix A

Heat of vaporization, various materials, 374, Appendix A

Heat shock proteins, 108, 168

Heat signature, nanorobot, 183

Heetderks, William J., 164

Heidel, Dan, Preface, 43, 44

Heinlein, Robert A., 29-30

HeLa (Henrietta Lacks) cell line, 68, 271, 272, 362

Helical logic, 347-348

Helicopter, 309, 333-334

Helium, solidification with pressure, 356

Hematocrit (Hct), 244, 245, 301, 303

Hemoglobin, Appendix A

Henderson, E.R., 45

Hendrickson, Jim, 64

Henle, Jacob, 14

Henry's law, 281, 282

Heparan sulfate, 109, 231, 253, 319

Hepatocytes (liver cells), 136, 232-233, 253, 261, 264, 269, 271, 319

Herbal of Dioscorides, 12

Herodotus, 4

Herophilus of Chalcedon, 6

Herpin, Al, 37

Hewlett-Packard, 136

Hexagonane, 48

Hibbs, Albert R., 30

Hickman, James J., 351

Hillis, D., 343

Hippocrates, 5

Hippocratic facies, 6, 21

Hippocratic medicine, 5-6, 7, 8, 22

Hippus movement, 338

Histonatation, 318-321

Histonavigation, 230-234

Hitachi Corp., 346

Hite, B.H., 368

HIV virus, 52-53

HLA, 248-250, 315

HLA specificities, 249

Hocking, Brian, 332

Hoffmann, Roald, 46, 48

Hogg, Tad, Preface

Hoh, Jan H., Preface, 313, 315

Holberton, D.V., 317

Holistic medicine, 23

Hollerith Tabulator, 69

Honey, as embalming agent, 3

Honeybees, energy and flight data, 170, 171, 334

Hooke's law, 97, 281

Hormones, endocrine, 193, 194, 195

Horn, T., 45

Hornet venom, 365

Horwitz, Alan F., 317

Hovering flight, 333-334

Hughes, Robert Earl, 209

Human blood composition, Appendix B

Human body,

asymmetries, 216, 230

cell count, 247

cell types, 252, Appendix C

chemical composition, 71; see also chemical composition

chemical energy resources, 147

content by volume, 230, 231

organs, quantification, 231

Human Genome Project, 15, 255

Hydraulic tethers, 167

Hydrodynamics,

flows in cells, 100

of nanorobots, 123, 305-308

Hydroflip computer, 285, 343

Hydrogen,

abstraction tool, 58, 59

bond, 84

solidification with pressure, 141, 356

Hydrophobic forces, 84

Hygeia, 5

Hypatia, 6

Hyperchem, 64

Hypercube Inc., 64

Hypergolic fuels, 142, 169

Hypochromic effect, 369

Hypodermic syringe, 10

Hypsithermal limit, 175-176

I

IBM, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 191, 207, 343

"IBM" logo (IBM Research Division), 57, 58

IBM Selectric typewriter, 190

Ice (water),

allotropic forms, 106, 354, 355-356, 373

progressive burrowing, 373

uppermost molecular layers, 373

viscosity, 299

Ideal gas law, 354

Iikura, Shoichi, 288

Illness, self-limiting, 22

Immunocytes, 209

Immunological synapse, 135, 350, 362

Index of refraction, 169, Appendix A

Inflation of graphene tube, 132-133

Information toxicity, 178

Inmessaging, 189-192

Institute for Microtechnology, 333

Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM), Preface

Integrated Micromachines, 41

Integrins, 137, 232, 246, 253, 264, 314, 318, 320, 326, 328

Intelligent Motion Surfaces, 293

Interactive Simulations Inc., 64

International Society for Molecular Electronics and Biocomputing, 345

Internet, nanorobot communication analogs, 182, 186

Intestines (human organ), 223, 225-227

Intoximeter, 153

Intracellular mediators, 193, 194, 195

Iodoacetate, 366

Iodophors, 366

Ion channel switch sensor, 80, 94

Ion concentration cells (energy), 152

Ionophores, 365

Iri, Keeper of the Royal Rectum, 4

Isotopes,

bulk properties, 105

discrimination, 104-105

separation, 77, 104-105

Isozymes, 246

Itoh, Toshihiro, 60

Iwamura, H., 26, 48

J

Jacobson, Homer, 66

Jacobstein, Neil, Preface

Jamming, 181

Janowitz, Henry D., 223

Jansky, Jan, 14

Java man, 1

Jaynes, Julian, 25

Jenner, Edward, 9-10

Jeon, K.W., 28

Jerk, see accelerative onset

Jet propulsion, 311

Jewson, N., 23

JKR theory of adhesion, 276, 278

JNK cascade, 111, 115

Joachim, Christian, 40, 346

Joint, human skeletal (diarthrodial), 229

Jolt, see accelerative onset

Jones, Christopher, Preface

Jones, Tanya, Preface

Jorgensen, William L., 64

Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 41

Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 41

Journal of the American Medical Association, 30

Junctions,

communicating, 137

physical, 136-137

Jung, Carl G., 25

Jung, T.A., 59

K

Kaehler, Ted, Preface, 31

Kahn, Carol, 31

Karino, Takeshi, 307

Karnis, A., 304

Karplus, M., 86

Karyoskeleton, 269

Katanin, 368

Katchalsky, A., 148, 149

Kauffman, Stuart A., 85

KDEL, 260

Kelly, B.T., 132

Kelly, Kevin, 35

Kelly, T. Ross, 49

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson), 127

Kerr medium, 111

Kesselman, M.L., 152

Kim, Yun, 57

Kinesin motor, 147, 293, 324, 328

Kinesthesis, 118, 198-199

King, Barry G., 189, 220, 229

King, Penny, Preface

King Asa, 7

King Menelaus, 5

King Ptolemy, 6

Kinnaert, P., 216

Kircher, Athanasius, 13

Klatz, Ronald, 16, 31

Knight, Thomas F., Jr., 349

Knoch, Tobias A., Preface, 271, 272

Knox, Robert, 11

Ko, W.H., 144

Koch, Robert, 13

Koller, Carl, 12

Kollman, Peter A., 44

Kooistra, Jeffrey D., Preface

Koshland, D.E., Jr., 96

Kozaki, Masatoshi, 349

Kral, Peter, 57

Krebs cycle, see TCA cycle

Kringles, 91

Kroo, I., 334

Krummenacker, Markus, Preface, 34, 79, 81, 178, 294, 297

Kupffer cells, 233, 248, 326

Kurzweil, Raymond, 31, 191

Kusumi, A., 315

Kwon, Young-Kyun, 348

L

Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe, 10

LAHSA, 64

Laing, Richard, 26, 28

Lakkaraju, Sarma, Preface

Lamins, nuclear, see nuclear lamins

Lampietro, 241

Lampton, Christopher, 31

Landauer, Rolf, 177, 350, 352

Landes, Ronald G., Preface

Landsteiner, Karl, 14

Langowski, Jorg, 271

Laplace equation, 279-280

Large molecules, binding and transport, 91-92

Larmor frequency, 113

Larrey, Dominique Jean, 10, 11

Laser ablation rates, 369

Lattice spacing, Appendix A

LD50, 158, 178, 179, 365, 366

Leach, Geoff I., 51, 56, 63

Leakey, Louis, 1

Lean body mass (LBM), 247

LED, see light emitting devices

Lehn, Jean-Marie, 39, 47, 50, 83

Leiber, Fritz, 27

Leitl, Eugene, Preface

Leonardo da Vinci, 35

Leptin, 119, 246

Lesk, Michael, 186

Leukel, Francis, 201

Leukocyte, see white blood cell

Leung, Kevin, Preface

Levine, Philip, 14

Levitation, electrodynamic, 151

Levitin, Lev B., 177, 353

Lewin, Benjamin, 193, 371

Lewis, Eric. W., Preface

Lewis, James B., Preface

Libavius, Andreas, 14

Liberman, E.A., 349

Library at Alexandria, 5, 6

Library nodes, 188, 210, 238, 353

Library of Congress, 187

Librium, 15

Lichtman, M.A., 301

Lieber, Charles M., 57, 59

Ligand gating (transport channels), 79

Ligand-receptor dynamics, 86

Ligand-receptor mapping, 90-91

Light-emitting devices (LEDs), 136, 145, 202

Lighthill, J., 308

Lightning, 109, 110

Likharev, Konstantin K., 353

Lincoln Laboratory, 41

Lindqvist, T., 303

Linear accelerator (nuclear), nanoscale, 111, 159

Linear expansion, coefficient of, 108, Appendix A

Lion alcolmeter, 153

Lipid bilayer, see cell membrane lipid bilayer

Lipids, 146, 261

Lipowsky, H.H., 244, 245

Liquid oxygen (LOX), 149

Lister, Joseph, 13

Liver (human organ), 232-234, 246

Load error, 240

Locomotion,

aerial, 330-335

amoeboid, 317-318, 326-327

ECM brachiation, 319-320, 324

ex vivo, 328-335

histological, 318-321

inchworm, 318

in cyto, 324-325

in nucleo, 272, 324, 325

intercellular, 320-321

legged, 316-317

nanorobot, 298-335

nanorobot "freeway", 302, 305, 312

on cell surfaces, see cytoambulation

on dental surface, 328-329

on epidermis, 329-330

on walls and ceilings, 330

saltation (hopping), 330

speed limit,

between cells, 320

during cytocarriage, 327

during cytopenetration, 321, 322

during sanguinatation, 312

inside cells, 268, 324-325

inside nucleus, 272, 325

through ECM/tissues, 320, 325

swimming, see natation

tank-tread rolling, 317

Loewy, Ariel G., 265

Logajan, James, Preface, 101, 202

Lohn, Jason D., 66

Lomer dislocation, 61, 62

London dispersion forces, see Van der Waals interaction

London Pharmacopoeia of 1809, 23

Long, Alan, 64

Long, Crawford W., 12

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 158, 160

Louis XV of France, 9

Lowell, J., 165

Lower, Richard, 14

Luciano, Dorothy S., 221, 264

Lung (human organ), 220

Lymph, chemical composition, 218

Lymphatic system and lymph, 214-219

Lymphatic system, human, quantification, 215

Lymphocytes, 215, 217, 218, 247, 253, 263, 267, 270, 316, 318, 323, 325, 326, 327

Lysosomes, 262

Lysozymes, 84, 321, 362

M

Ma, Shugen, 287

MacDonald, Noel C., 60, 61

Macnab, R., 96

MacNicol, D.D., 47

Macrophage, 158, 217, 229, 247, 254, 258, 261, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 360, 367

Macrosensing, 116-122, 189

acoustic, 116-118

body weight, 119

electric/magnetic, 119-120, 183

geographical, 119, 120

kinesthetic, 118-119

neural, 121

optical, 120-121

orientational, 119

temporal, 338

Magnetic cooling, 375

Magnetic field energy, 141

Magnetic field sensors (magnetosensors), 110-111

Magnetic fields, comparisons, 110

Magnetic moment, Appendix A

Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), 244

Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM), 57, 102, 104

Magnetic Stereotaxis System, 285

Magnetic storms, 120

Magnetocaloric refrigerators, 375

Magnetoencephalograph, 111

Magnetostriction, 111, 155

Magnetotactic bacteria, 110, 307

Maillard reaction, 149, 366

Major Histocompatibility Complex, see MHC

Malpighi, Marcello, 26

Manipulators,

arrays, 293

control/sensors, 133-134, 292-293

hyper-redundant (snake, tentacle), 289

metamorphic, 290-291, 317-318

metamorphic fingers, 129-130, 133-134

nanorobot, 285-298

pneumatic, 287-289

telescoping, 65, 289-290

tool tips and grippers, 291-292

Margination, 306

Margolus, Norman, 353

Marianas Trench, 355

Marieb, Elaine N., 265

Market Intelligence Research Corp., 41

Martial, 6

Martin, Charles R., 80

Mason, S.G., 301, 304, 306

Mass,

elementary particles, Appendix A

planets and sun, Appendix A

typical tissue cell, 247

Massa, Frank, 181

Massometer, 103-104

Mathes, David, Preface

Matthews, B.W., 350

Maurotoxin, 365

McCammon, J.A., 86

McClaire, W.F., 26

McConkey, Edwin H., 259

McKendree, Thomas, Preface, 67

McLellan, William, 40

McNeill, William H., 3

MDL Information Systems Inc., 64

Mechanical power transmission, 167-169

Mechanical information transmission, 184-185

Mechanical rectification (energy), 144

Mechanical signal transduction (cells), 194, 314, 324-325

Mechanical strain, in cells, 313, 314, 328

Mechanosynthesis, 58, 59

Medicine, definition of, 17, 18

Melting point, see freezing point

Membrane-skeleton fence model, 315-316

Memory tape, hydrofluorocarbon, 178, 185, 210

MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems), 41-43, 285, 293, 345

Menstrual cycle, 240, 244, 299, 338

Merck, 12

Merkle, Ralph C., Preface, 31, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 132, 140, 153, 174, 175, 185, 290, 297, 347, Afterword

Merrill, Corbett, 31

Mesh sizes (biological), 265, 266, 267, 271, 319, 324

Messenger molecules, 178-179, 191

Messenger pill, 191

Metamorphic bumpers, see bumpers

Metamorphic fingers, 129, 130, 133-134

Metamorphic surfaces, 128-136

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), 135, 248-250

Michaelis-Menten enzyme, 110

Michaelson, S.M., 163

Michl, Josef, 50-51

Microbiorobotics, 29

Microbiotagraphics, 246-247

Microelectromechanical systems, see MEMS

Microfilament (actin), 264-265, 313, 324, 326

Micro Machine Project (Japan), 43

Micromanipulators, 42, 43

Micro Networks, 341

Microtransponders, 165, 183, 235-237

Microtubules, 266, 286, 324

Microvilli, 226

Microwave hearing, 121, 342

Military Health Service Systems (MHSS) 2020, 27

Millard, Nellie D., 189, 220, 229

Mills, Russell, 44

Minsky, Marvin, 25, 30-31, 285, 343

Minton, Allen P., 259

Mirkin, C.A., 45

Mislow, Kurt, 48-49

MIT, 41, 190, 204, 343, 349

Mitchell, Duncan, 241

Mitchell, P., 26

Mitchell, Peter Chalmers, 226

Mitochondria, 148, 153, 171, 246, 262-264, 268

Mitosis, 269-270, 271, 362, 363

MITRE Corp., 345, 348

Miura, H., 42

Mo, Y., 345

Mohorovic discontinuity, 355

Molar volume of ideal gas, Appendix A

Molecular abacus, 58

Molecular assembler, 39, 40, 64-69

Molecular Assembly Sequence Software, 64

Molecular bearings, 55, 61

Molecular building blocks, 50

Molecular CAD systems, 64

Molecular conveyor, 63

Molecular Design Institute, 58

Molecular dynamics simulations, 55-56, 61-64

Molecular fine-motion controller, 63-64

Molecular gear systems, 26, 48-49, 55, 61-63

Molecular imprinting receptor model, 88

Molecular LEGO, 50

Molecular manufacturing, 39-69

Molecular mass, Appendix A

Molecular Meccano, 50

Molecular mechanical components, 61-64

Molecular mills, 82

Molecular Modelling Toolkit, 64

Molecular nanoelectronics, 345-349

Molecular nanotechnology, 25-27

Molecular number density, Appendix A

Molecular Operating Environment, 64

Molecular pumps, 63, 80-82

Molecular receptor engineering, 82-92

Molecular recognition, 82-86

Molecular rotation, 72, 77-78

Molecular Simulations Inc., 64

Molecular sorting rotor, see sorting rotor

Molecular struts, 51, 56

Molecular Tinkertoys, 47, 50, 55

Molecular tongs, 49

Molecular volume, Appendix A

Molecular wires, 345-346

Mole quantities, of nanorobots, 175

Monkeywrenching, 368

Montagu, Mary Wortley, 9

Montemagno, Carlo D., 45

Moore, Jeffrey S., 50

Moore's law, 69

MOPAC97, 64

Moravec, Hans, Preface, 69

Morcellation and mincing, 293-294

More, Max, Preface, 31

Morowitz, H.J., 28, 66

Morrison, Philip, 186

Morton, William Thomas Green, 12

Mosaic receptor model, 88-89

Mosbach, Klaus, 88

Mosquitos, 107, 274, 334

Motomiya, Mineo, 307

Motorola, 98, 349

Mouth, human, 220

MRFM, see magnetic resonance force microscopy

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanning, 110, 113-114, 192

MTOCs, 266, 267

Muller, D.E., 337

Multi-loop subcompartment (MLS) model, 271-272

Munkel, Christian, 271

Muon Catalyzed Fusion, 160

Muons, 159-160

Murphy, Edmond A., 2

Murphy, John B., 14

Murray, Joseph E., 15

Murray, Robert K., 255

Murray's law, 284

Musgrave, Charles B., 58

Myosin (actomyosin) motor, 147, 266, 326

N

Nagoya University, 204

Nakajima, Naomasa, 142

Nakka, Richard, Preface

Nanapheresis, 358-359

Nanobacteria, 37, 321

Nanoballoons, 331-332

Nanobiotics, 32, 209

NanoCAD, 64

Nanocentrifuge, 76-77, 100, 104

Nanocomputer, 342-353

biochemical, 349-350

bioelectronic, 351

biomechanical, 350-351

electronic, 345-349

mechanical, 65, 343-345

memory tape, 65, 185, 345

quantum, 352

reversible, 352

Nanocrit (Nct), 302, 303, 312

Nanocrit, maximum in vivo, 312

Nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS), 45

Nanoflight, see flying nanorobots

Nanogen, 16

Nanogravimeter, 102-103

Nanoguitar, 42

Nanogyroscope, 100

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL), 42

Nanomanipulator, The, 58

Nanomedicine, definition of, 2, 18, Glossary

Nanopendulum, 100-102

Nanorobots,

communication, 177-207

computers, 342-353

"freeway" (blood vessel plasmatic zone), 302, 305, 312

geometrical factors, 124, 125

locomotion, 298-335

manipulators, 285-298

maximum size, if bloodborne, 124-125, 211-212

maximum speed in cyto, 268, 324

maximum speed in nucleo, 272, 325

navigation, 209-274

power, 139-176

power scaling, 172-173

second skin, 129

sensors, 93-122

shape, 123-128

waste heat, 242-243

Nanosensors, 93-122

acceleration, 98-100

angular displacement, 100-102

cellular bioscanning, 111-116

chemical, 93-97

electric fields, 109-110

flow rate, 98

force, 102-104

linear displacement, 97

macrosensing, 116-122

magnetic fields, 110-111

nuclear particles, 111, 157-158

optical, 111

pressure, 105-107

temperature, 107-109

velocity, 97-98

Nanosieve, 77-79

Nanosieve pore clogging, 78

Nanotechnology, 25-27, 31

Nanotubes, 47, 52-53, 55, 61, 97, 279, 280, 296, 348, 355

diameters, 52

pressurized gas storage, 354-355, 358

sword and sheath failure, 60

Nanowires, 165-166, 345-346

Napoleon, 10, 11

NASA, 55, 56, 146, 157, 198, 307

NASA/Ames Research Center, 55, 56

Natation, 309-312

in blood, see sanguinatation

through cells, see cytonatation

through tissues, see histonatation

maximum speed, 312

National Library of Medicine, 209

NaturallySpeaking (Dragon Systems), 191

Naturophilia, 12, 35-37

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 55, 351

Navicytes, 235-237

Navigation,

airborne, 273-274

barographic, 243-244

cartotaxis, 234-235

chemical "area code", 246, 254, 318

chemographic, 244-246

cytographic, 247-273

dead reckoning, 234, 267

epidermal, 273

exodermal, 273-274

ex vivo, 273-274

grid (navicyte mobile network), 235-237

in cyto, see cytonavigation

in nucleo, see nucleonavigation

intraorgan, 232-234

microbiotagraphic, 246-247

nanorobot, 209-274

thermographic, 238-243

vascular bifurcation detection, 237

Neandertal, 1, 36

Near-field anomalous radiative transfer, 143, 152, 374

Near-field scanning optical microscope, see NSOM

Needles, falling in fluid, 308

Nemes, T., 30

NEMS, see nano-electromechanical systems

Nested annuli, 132

Networks,

for nanorobot communication, 186-188

for nanorobot navigation, 235-237

for nanorobot power, 169, 170

Neumister, 60

Neurographics, 196

Neuroinformatics, 196

Neuron, 115-116, 121, 192, 196-197, 198, 200-201, 203-204,247, 253, 261

as rf antenna, 342

discharge cycle, 115, 196

Neuropeptides, 193, 195, 197, 201, 244

Neurosensing, 115-116, 121, 196, 197

Neurotech (Paris), 29

Neurotransmitters, 193, 195, 196-197

Neutrophils, 218, 247, 253, 254, 318, 327

New York University, 45

NFPA, 179

Nicotine, 79, 240

Niemeyer, C.M., 45

Nippondenso Co. micro-car, 42-43

NIST, 341, 352

Nitinol, 143

Nitric oxide, 87, 195, 197, 363

Nitrous oxide, as anesthetic, 12

NLS, see nuclear localization sequence

NMR, see nuclear magnetic resonance

Nodes of Ranvier, 115, 342

No-fly zones, nanorobot, 274, 334-335

Noid, Donald W., 142

NOR, see nuclear organizer region

Nordenstrom, B., 119-120

NRL, see Naval Research Laboratory

NSF, 58

NSOM (near-field scanning optical microscope), 114, 348

Nuclear battery, 156, 158

Nuclear catalysis (fusion energy), 159-160

Nuclear cortex, 269

Nuclear envelope, 269

Nuclear envelope, penetration by nanorobots, 324

Nuclear extrusion, 362, 363-364

Nuclear fission (energy), 158-159

Nuclear fusion (energy), 159-160

Nuclear lamina, 269, 360

Nuclear lamins, 265-266, 269, 360

Nuclear localization sequence (NLS), 269

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, 113-114

Nuclear matrix, 271-272

Nuclear membrane penetration, 324

Nuclear organizer region (NOR), 269, 270, 271

Nuclear particle accelerator, 111, 157, 159

Nuclear pore complex, 269

Nuclear power/energy, 142, 156-160, 170

Nuclear power organ, 157, 170

Nuclear radius (atomic), Rutherford's formula, 156

Nucleography, 268-273

Nucleolus, 270-271

Nucleonavigation, 272-273

Nucleoplasm, 269-270

Nucleosol, 269-270

Nucleosomes, 270

Nucleus (cell), 268-273

cells lacking, 269

cells with multiple, 269, 271

Null Convention Logic, 337

Nyquist noise (thermal), 142

O

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 55, 142

Octahedron (nonregular, regular, truncated), 124, 127, 128

Octopus, 129

Ocular Vergence and Accommodation Sensor (OVAS), 191

Odbert, H.S., 25

Oligomycin, 363

Olliver, Vik, Preface

Olson, R.M., 243

Olympiadane, 50

Olympic games, 5

Open-loop control, 292

Optacon, 198

Optical attenuation in body tissue, 120-121, 202

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), 114

Optical power, 121, 155-156, 164, 166-167, 202

Optical fiber, 166-167, 184

Optical refrigerators, 155, 375

Optical tweezers, 164, 284, 291

Optocution, 369

Optofluidic pumping, 284

Orchid Biocomputer, 285

Organ mills, 32

Organography (organs), 230-234

Organs, human, mass and volume, 231

Origami, 130, 285

ORNL, see Oak Ridge National Laboratory

OSHA, 179

Osler, Sir William, 22

Osmotic pressure, 77

Osteography, human, 227-230

Oster, George F., 287

Ostman, Charles, 31

Ouabain, 197

Outmessaging, 197-207

P

Packing density, 125, 127

Pagodane, 48, 49

Pain, see threshold of pain

Pallet transport, 82

Panacea, 5

Paracrine mediators, 193

Paramecium, 291, 310, 367

Parasol configuration, 130-132

Pare, Ambroise, 8, 12

Paris, John Ayrton, 24

Park, Michael, Preface

Particle accelerator (nuclear), 111, 157, 159

Particles, injected in vivo, 211-212, 214

Partition, of conjugated nanorobots, 321

Pascaline, 343

Paschen effect, 291

Passens, Andreas, Cover Art

PAS Systems, 153

Pasteur, Louis, 13

Pease, Roland, 51

Peltier effect cooling, 155, 375

Penicillin, 15

Penrose, L.S., 66

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), 33

Perelson, Alan S., 287

Pergamit, Gayle, 26, 67

Permeability (magnetic) constant, Appendix A

Permittivity (electric) constant, Appendix A

Peroxisome, 16, 262

Personal Area Network (PAN/IBM), 207

Personal status monitors, 206

Peseshet, 4

Peterson, Chris, Preface, 26, 30, 67

Petrie, T.R.W., 159

Pet Trac, 353

Pfizer, 15

Phage exclusion, 361

Phagocytic flagging, 361-362

Phalloidin, 327

Pharmacytes, 32, 367

PharmaSeq, 165, 183

Phase diagram, water and ice, 354

Phenobarbitol (Luminal), 15

Phenothiazines, 15

Philipson, Kenneth, Preface

Phobias, 37

Phoenix, Christopher J., Preface, 107, 133, 222

Phonocardiograms, 243

Photodynamic therapy, 244

Photoelectric cells, 155-156

Photon pressure force, 284

Photostriction, 155

Photosynthesis (chlorophyll), 109, 111, 155

Physical constants - Appendix A

Physician-patient relationship, 24

Physiome Sciences, 16

Pienta, Kenneth J., 271

Piezoelectric fields and materials, 109, 120, 144, 145, 154, 155

Piezoelectric stress macrosensing, 120

Piezoluminescence, 145

Piggybacking, 328

Pin cushion receptor model, 90

Pinneo, L.R., 152

Pipe flow, 280-281

Plague, 7-8

Planck's constant, Appendix A

Platelets, 247, 252-253, 269, 301, 306, 307, 310, 312, 326

alloantigen systems, 253

Platinum, for dense nanorobot components, 98

Plicamycin (mithramycin), 362

Pohl, Frederik, Preface

Poiseuille (Hagen-Poiseuille law) flow, 78, 167, 185, 280-281, 285, 302, 303

Poisons, cellular, 362-367

Poisson noise, 339

Poisson's ratio, 340, 358

Polyribosome, 259

Pope Honorius III, 7

Pope Innocent VIII, 14

Porins, 364-365

Porter, Roy, Preface, 3, 16, 36

Positional uncertainty, due to thermal noise, 39

Postrel, Virginia, Preface, 35, 37

Potassium, 79, 80, 197, 247

Pott, Percivall, 9

Power,

acoustic, 145-146, 160-163, 167, 181

analysis in design, 174-175

chemical, 146-153

conversion/transduction, 142-160

electrical vs. mechanical, 173-174

extradermal acoustic sources, 161-162, 205

global dissipation, 175, Appendix A

nanorobot, 139-176

nanorobot locomotion, 308

nuclear, 142, 156-160, 170

output, human, 170, 171

pill, 157

pressurized fluids, 140

solar, 121, 155-156, 205

transmission, 160-170

Power Braille, 198

Prandtl, L., 334

Praxagoras of Cos, 6

Pregnancy, see childbirth

Presentation semaphore, see semaphore

Pressure-altered biological properties, 356, 357, 368

Pressure-altered physical properties, 355-356

Pressure sensors, 105-107

Pressure storage and ballasting, 353-359

Pressure transducers, high-frequency, 106, 145-146, 161-163, 181-182

Pressure vessels and hulls, 353-354, 358

Pressure vessels, leakage and flammability, 356, 358

Pressures, comparative, 355

Pressurized fluids, energy content, 140

Price, Charles, 28

Prime Centrum (at T-10), 235

Princeton Simulations, 64

Prismanes, 48

Prisms (hexagonal, square, triangular), 124, 125, 126, 127

Prognosis, 6, 22

Proof, U.S. unit of concentration for ethanol-water mixtures, 375

Propellanes, 48, 50

Prophyllaxis, 23

Proprioception, 118-119

Proteasomes, 262, 361

Protein Data Bank, 71

Protein denaturation, 356, 357, 375

Protein fold design, 44

Protein fold families, 91

Protein folding, thermal dependence, 108

Protein surface area (ellipsoidal), 87

Proton exchange membrane (PEM), 153

Proton pump, 148, 155

Ptolemy, 6

Pulmonary arterial network, quantification, 213

Pumps (fluid), 282-285

Purcell, Edward M., 73, 95, 96, 305, 309, 311

Purdue University, 347

Pyro-electric effect, 144

Q

Q (resonator or circuit), 104, 164, 340

Quantum computers, 352

Quantum effects, on nanomachines, 39

Quantum game theory, 352

Quastler, H., 190

Quate, Calvin F., 56, 60

Queen Anne (England), 9

Queen Mary (England), 9

Queen Victoria (England), 12

Quorum sensing, 181, 246

R

Radar microchips, 191

Radiation damage, of nanomachines, 40

Radiation dosage (LD50), 158

Radiation shielding, alpha particles, 156, 158

Radiative heat transfer, classical, 143, 152, 157, 175

Radiative heat transfer, near-field anomalous, 143, 152

Radio pills, 189

Radio signals, see TV/radio

Radioactive thermal generators (RTGs), 157

Radiofrequency antenna, neurons used as, 342

Radiofrequency dipole antenna, electric vs. magnetic, 182

Radiofrequency perception by humans, see microwave hearing

Radiofrequency power,

attenuation, 164, 165

safe exposure limits, 163-164

transmission, 156, 162-165

Radiofrequency receivers, 110, 164-165, 182-183

Radiolarians, 52, 53, 126

Radionuclides,

as power source, 156-159, 170

power density, 157

Radius,

particles, Appendix A

planetary, Appendix A

Ramstrom, Olof, 88

Random-walk giant loop (RWGL) model, 271, 272

Rank, Otto, 25

Raoult's law, 76

Ras superfamily, 326-327

Rattlesnakes, 107, 137

Rayleigh, Lord, 167

RBC (red blood cell),

generally, 72, 129, 130, 212-213, 229, 247, 250-252, 254, 258, 265, 269, 276, 278, 299-301, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 313, 315, 316, 326

osmotic lysis, 314

REACCS, 64

Reaction rate, temperature coefficient, 108

RealMol/CAVE/NAMD, 64

Rebek, Julius, 48, 63

Receptor array, 93-94

Receptor-based transport, 80-82

Receptor design, 86-87, 88-90

Receptor sensor, 96-97

Reciprocity theorem (electromagnetic field theory), 182

Red blood cell, see RBC

Refractive index, 169, Appendix A

Refrigerators, micron-scale, 374-375

Regelation, 373

Rehn, Ludwig, 14

Reifman, Edward M., Preface, 31, 329

Replicators, 59, 65-67

information content, 65

medical nanorobots, 35, 67

unit growth, 67

unit replication, 66, 67

Requicha, A., 59

Resistivity, Appendix A; and see conductivity, electrical

Resonance frequency,

acoustic, 161, 354

mechanical, 106, 161

NMR, 104, 113-114

Respirocytes, 32, 66, 209, 342, Afterword

Rest mass energy, Appendix A

Reticuloplasm, 260

Retina, human, 203

Retinal implant devices, 203-204

Reversible computers, 352

Reynolds, Glenn H., 31

Reynolds, L.W., 152

Reynolds number, 117, 217, 280-281, 283, 302, 303-305, 308, 324, 331

rf, see radiofrequency

Rheology, nanorobot-rich biofluids, 299-303

Rho subfamily, 326-327

Ribosomes, 43-44, 64, 65, 259, 260

Rice University, 16, 58

Ricin toxin, LD50, 366

Rietman, Edward A., Preface, 42

Rigidity, flexural, 266, 311; see also stiffness and bending

Riva-Rocci, Scipione, 10

RNA, 28, 43, 44, 45, 65, 85, 194, 246, 259, 262, 263, 269, 270, 271, 272, 292, 298, 338, 343, 350, 361, 362, 364, 366, 369, 370, 371

RNA polymerase, 148

Roberts, Markus, Preface

Roberts, R.S., 19

Robertson, D.H., 55

Robinson, Dennis W., 31

Robson, R., 50

Rohrer, Heinrich, 56

Rose-Innes, A.C, 165

Rotanes, 48

Rotaxanes, 49-50, 53, 54, 347

Roukes, M.L., 165

Royer, H., 368

RTG, see radioactive thermal generator

Ruby, see sapphire and ruby

Ruderfer, M., 111

Rudman, D., 16

Rugar, Daniel, 102, 104

Russell, Eric Frank, 30

S

SAIC, 351

Sako, Y., 315

Sakur-Tetrode equations, 85

Salivarex, 69

Salsbury, Patrick, Preface, 133

Salt bridge, 83

Sandia National Laboratory, 41, 142, 144, 339, 343

Sanguinatation, 124, 303-312, 316

Santoli, Salvatore, Preface

Sapphire and ruby, 135, 170, 173, 295, 296, 297, 298, 331-332, 340, 356, 358, 372, 374, Appendix A

Sapphire,

melting point, 170, 173, 296, 372

softening point, 296, 372

Sapphire-diamond junctions, 135-136, 358

Sapphirophagy, 298

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 193, 260

Saturation velocity (electronic), Appendix A

Saxitoxin, 365

Scadding, J.G., 19

Scanning Probe Microscope, see SPM

Scanning probe technology, 56-61

Scanning Tunneling Microscope, see STM

Schaffer, Tilman E., Preface

Schall, J. David, Preface

Schiffer, Marcelo, 353

Schleiden, Matthias, 14

Schmidt, Christoph F., 265

Schmidt, R.F., 190

Schneiker, Conrad, Preface

Schrodinger, Erwin, 30

Schulman, Howard, 194

Schultz, Peter G., 45

Schwan, Martin A.K., 164

Schwann, Theodor, 14

Schweizer, E.K., 57

Scientific medicine, 3

Scorpion venom, 365

Screw drive, nanorobotic, 310-311, 322

Sculpt, 64

Sedimentation coefficients, 76

Seebeck effect, 155, 375

Seeman, Nadrian C., Preface, 45-46, 49, 350, 351

Selectins, 254, 317, 318, 328

Self-assembly, 45, 47, 66

Self-limiting (self-curing) illness, 22

Self-replicating machine systems, see replicators

Self-replication, see replicators

SEM (scanning electron microscope), 60

Semaphore, presentation, 135, 322, 323, 325

Seminario, Jorge M., 348-349, 352

Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp, 13

Sensor-based motion control (groping), 292-293

Sensor (chemical) cycle time, 94

Sensors, nanorobot, 93-122

Shape, nanorobot, 123-128

Shapiro, Ehud, 351

Shear modulus, 168, Appendix A

Shearwell Data, 353

Sheehan, Paul E., Preface, 57, 59

Sheffield, Charles, 36

Shen, Zilan, 136

Sherman, James H., 221, 264

Sherwood number, 73

Shi, J., 45

Shinkai, S., 49

Shock, Brian, Preface

Shor, P.W., 352

Shortt clock, 339

Shoulders, K.R., 30

Showers, Maryjane, 189, 220, 229

Shu-He, Wang, 116-117

Shuttle pump, 91-92

Sickle cell, 20

Sidles, John A., Preface, 139

Sieving, see nanosieve

Signaling molecules, human, major classes, 195

Signal/noise ratio (SNR), 97

Sign language, Native American, 190

Silicon, 41, 42, 157

Silicon Designs, 98

Silicon Graphics, 58

Silver, bacteriocidal properties, 366

Silver, Rollo, 285, 343

Silverman, B., 343

Silverman, S.R., 199

Simon, Herbert, 35

Simpson, Sir James Young, 12

Singhal, S., 210

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), see nanotubes and fullerenes

Sinnott, Susan B., 58

Sioux alarm clock, 338

Siphonation, 367

Sipper, Moshe, 66

Situs inversus, 230

Skeleton (human), 227-228

Skin (human), sensory receptors, 190, 197-198

Sky-Eye, 353

Slinky, 318

Smalley, Richard E., 27, 39, 52, 53, 58

Smallpox, 9-10, 36

Smith, Bruce, Preface, 46

Smith, Richard, Preface

Smith, Steven S., Preface, 45, 327

Smith, Warren, 350

SmithKline Beecham, 285

Smoke signals, Indian, 204

Snake robots, 289

Sniedowski, Jeff, 142

Snow, John, 12

Sodium, 79, 80, 197

Solar constant (at Earth), 175, Appendix A

Solar luminosity, Appendix A

Solem, Johndale C., 309, 330

Solubility, 281-282, 297, 373-374

function of pressure, 281-282, 356

function of temperature, 282, 373

of gas, in metal, 356

Solvation cooling, 375

Solvation wave drive, 322

Somatography, human, 209-234

Somesthesis, 197-198

Somorjai, Gabor A., 373

Sonoluminescence, 146, 160

Soreff, Jeffrey, Preface, 39, 58, 87, 92, 96, 104, 145, 150, 151, 153, 168, 236, 297, 298, 340, 341

Sorting rotor, 81

Sorting rotor cascade, 82, 83

Sound, speed of, see speed of sound

Space-filling,

aggregates, 127-128

with non-regular octahedron, 128

with prisms, 127

with rhombic dodecahedron, 127

with rhombo-hexagonal dodecahedron, 128

with trapezohedron, 128

with truncated octahedron, 127

Spartan, 64

Specificity (ligand-receptor), 85-87

Speech recognition, 121, 191

Speech synthesis, 200

Speed of light,

in optical fiber, 186

in vacuo, Appendix A

Speed of sound, 106, 163, 230, 340, Appendix A

function of frequency, 118, 236

function of pressure, 162, 356, 375

function of salinity, 162

function of temperature, 162, 375

Sperm, 147, 253, 258, 260, 305, 311, 315, 322

Sphygmograph and sphygmomanometer, 10

Spine (human skeletal), 229

SPM (Scanning Probe Microscope), 56-60, 64, 66, Afterword

Spoofing, 240

Square/Cube law, 172

SQUID magnetometer, 111

Staffane, 50-51

Standard temperature and pressure (STP), Appendix A

Stanford University, 60, 334

Stapp, Col. John Paul, 99

Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Appendix A

Stenger, David A., 351

Stereocilia displacements, inner ear, 97

Steric hindrance, 40, 59, 84, 86, 303

Steric probes, 93-94

Stethoscope, 10, 114

Stetson, Rufus, 14

Stewart platform, 63, 290

Stiffness, 301; see also rigidity and bending

Still, W. Clark, 64

Stirling engine, 142, 144, 151, 152, 157

STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope), 16, 56-61, 144, 154

STM, microscale (micro-STM), 60-61

Stochastic resonance, 110

Stoddart, J. Fraser, 49-50, 343, 347

Stokes law force, 308

Stokes law for sedimentation, 76, 331, 358

Stomach (human organ), 223, 224

Storms, Edmund, Preface, 160

Stove, hot, 192

Strain energies, 61

Strength, various materials, 295

Streptomycin, 15

Strophanthidin, 197

Sturgeon, Theodore, 27

Sublette, Carey, Preface, 364

Sublimation, 358, 375

Suicide sacs, 262

Sulphonamides, 15

Sun, 171, 175, 355

Superconductivity, 141, 166

Supercooled water, 373

Superfluidity, 55

Superphane, 48

Superrotation, 55

Super-Turing computers, 352

Supramolecular chemistry, 47, 83

Surface acoustic wave device, 104

Surface area, Earth, Appendix A

Surface energy, Appendix A

Surface tension, 277, 278, 279, 280, 331

function of temperature, 375

Surfactant, 221, 278, 331

Surge, see accelerative onset

Survanta, 278

Surveyor nanorobots, 210, 222

Suslick, Kenneth S., 86

Sussmann, M.V., 148, 149

Suzumori, Koichi, 287, 288

Sweat glands, 273

Sweat gland map, 273

Swimming, see natation

SWNT (single-walled carbon nanotube), 52, 53, 55

Sword and sheath failure, 60

Syme, James, 11

Synchronization, of nanorobots, 341-342

SYNGEN, 64

SYNLIB, 64

Synovial fluid, 230

SYNTREE, 64

Syphilis, 23

Systems Planning Corp., 41

Systron-Donner Analog Computer, 349

Szent-Gyorgyi, A., 119

T

T4 bacteriophage, 280, 321

Tachometer, 102

Tactile receptors, human skin, 198

Talking, acoustic power, see audible power intensity

Talking, overheard by nanorobots, 118, 274; see also audible power intensity

Talking tattoo, 204

Talking wristwatch, 192, 204

Tanaka, Hirohisa, 288

Taniguchi, Norio, 25, 26

Tatara, Yoichi, 148

Tattoos, 192, 204, 244, 273

Taxol, 327, 363

Taylor, G.R., 28

TCA cycle, 148, 153

T cells, 29, 135, 232, 248, 253, 316, 327, 328, 360

number of MHC complexes needed to activate, 135

Telescoping manipulator arm, 289-290

Telesensory, Inc., 198

Television signals, see TV/radio

Telomerase, 246

Telomeres, 362

Temperature-altered biological properties, 375

Temperature-altered physical properties, 372, 373

Temperature effects, on medical nanorobots, 372-375

Temperature of human body, 239; see also thermography

Temperature sensors, 107-109

Tensegrity, in cells, 264, 265, 266

Tensile strength of liquids, 280

Terminal velocity, 331, 334

Terra, Richard P., Preface

Tessellating surfaces, 125-127

Tethers,

communication, 184-185

power transmission, 165-170

utility and biocompatibility, 169, 184, 188

Tetraethylammonium, 197

Tetrodotoxin, 197, 365

Texas Instruments, 206

Thackrah, Charles Turner, 9

Thermal conductivity, Appendix A; see also conductivity, thermal

Thermal emissivity, Appendix A

Thermal equlibration time, 107

Thermal expansion coefficients, 108, 143, Appendix A

Thermoacoustic refrigeration, 146, 375

Thermogenic limits,

individual nanorobots, 170-173

nanorobot aggregates, 172-173

Thermographicytes, 240, 241, 242

Thermography, 238-243

Thermology, skin, 239

Thermometer, clinical, 10

Thioridazine, 363

Thouless electron pumping, 347

Threshold of pain,

acoustic, 161, 162, 172

radiant heat, 164, 172

Tillyard, R.J., 332

Tinkertoy computer, 343

Tissue mills, 32

Tissues, 230-232

Toffoli, Tommaso, 352

Tomanek, David, 57

Tomographic receptor model, 89-90

Tool tips, 58-59, 291-292

Tooth surfaces, 328-329

TopoMetrix, 58

Tortora, Gerard J., 213, 215, 216, 217

Toth-Fejel, Tihamer, Preface

Tour, James M., Preface, 345, 346, 347, 348-349, 352

Towing force, 316, 317, 325, 326

Toxins and venoms, 365, 366, 370

Toyota Motor Corp., 42

Trabesinger, Werner, Preface

Transcript domains (cell nucleus), 271-272

Transendothelial migration, see diapedesis

Transit times, 211

Transporter pumps, 80-81

Transvenue outmessaging, 207

Trapezohedron, 128

Travis, John, 324

Trephination, 3

Triangulane, 48

Trinity Software Inc., 64

Tripos Inc., 64

Trombone, 132

Troyk, Philip R., 164

Truncated octahedron, see octahedron

TUBEFET, 348

Tuberculosis, 9

Tubes@Rice, 52

Tubulin, 266, 286

Turbulence, in microscale systems, 280-281

Turing machines, 28, 349, 350, 351, 352

Turitto, V.T., 302, 303

Turnover time,

cells, 90, 200, 235

cytoskeletal components, 266

membrane components, 258

Tuzun, Robert E., Preface, 60, 64

TV/radio reception,

by dedicated communication organ, 120, 188

by individual nanorobots, 120, 182-183

Twibell, Ty S., Preface

Twiddler, 190

Tyvand, P.A., 373

U

Ubiquitin, 262, 364

Ullage sensors, 106-107

Ullmann, Emerich, 15

Ultrasonic hearing, 162, 200

Ultraviolet, 111, 136, 161, 167, 184, 359, 360, 369

Umami, 200

Units of measurement, Appendix A

Universal assembler, 64

Universal gas constant, Appendix A

Universitat Bonn, 204

University of California, Berkeley (UCB), 41

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 16

University of Michigan, 16

University of Minnesota, 42, 343

University of Montreal, 64

University of North Carolina, 58

University of Oxford, 16

University of Southern California (USC), 16, 58, 59

University of Tokyo, 41, 60, 200

University of Utah, 41

University of Washington, 44, 351

Urdea, M.S., 45

Uroscopy, 7

Usami, S., 245

U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center, 160

V

Vacuum-isolated heat engine, 143

Vacuum pumping, 358

Vacuum pumping, wall material sublimation, 358

Valdes, Francisco, Preface

Valinomycin, 365

Valium, 15

Vancomycin, 364

Van de Graaff generator, 154, 166

Vander, Arthur J., 203, 221, 264

Van der Waals equation,

gas constants, 355

gas pressure, 134, 354-355

Van der Waals interaction (forces), 84, 87, 90, 101, 275-277, 278, 291

Van Hove, Michel A., 373

Van Leeuwenhoek, Anthoni, 13

Van Nedervelde, Philippe, Preface

Van Vogt, A.E., 27

Vasculocytes, 31

Vasculography, human, 210-219

Vaults, 262

Veins, 210-211

Vein valve architecture, 211

Velocity of sound, see speed of sound

Vena cava, human, 210, 211, 212

Venerable Bede, 7

Venesection, 5, 7, 8

Veratridine, 196

Vesalius, Andreas, 10-11

Vesicles, 261-262

Vestibular mechanism, frequency response, 102

Vetter, Steven C., Preface, 57

Vierordt, Karl, 10

Vinblastine, 327, 363

Vincristine, 327, 362, 363, 368

Vinyl sulphone, 363

Vion Pharmaceuticals, 29

Virchow, Rudolph, 14

Virtual Cell, 16

Virtual Reality Dataglove, 58

Virucide,

biochemical, 366

mechanical, 356, 357, 369-370

Viruses, 369

Viruses, enveloped, 254, 322, 369

Viscosity, 299, 300, Appendix A

Viscous anchoring, 311-312

Visible Human Project, 209-210

Vitamin parts (in replicator theory), 59

Vitamins,

concentrations in human organs, 232

nutritional, 15, 227, 230, 232

Vogel, Steven, 34, 35, 325

Vogel, Viola, 45, 351

Vogel Scientific Software Inc., 64

VoiceCommands/VoicePro (Kurzweil), 191

Voice Type Dictation/Personal Dictation (IPDS), 191

Volitional normative model of disease, 20

Volkenstein, Mikhail V., 30

Voltage gating (transport channels), 79-80, 194

Vomeronasal organ, 191, 219

Von Ehr, James, Preface, 65, 67

Von Foester, H., 25

Von Hippel, A.R., 25

Von Kolliker, Albert, 14

Von Neumann, John, 30, 65, 66

Von Pettenkofer, Max, 13

W

Waksman, Selman A., 15

Wamsley, Michelle, Preface

Ware, William, Preface, 182

Warwick, Kevin, 353

Washington University, 16

Wasserman, Edel, 50

Water,

in cells, 259, 267

phase-change diagram, 354, 355, 356, 373

physical properties, Appendix A; see desired property

Watson, John B., 15

Watt governor, 339, Glossary

Wavefunction Inc., 64

Waveguides, electromagnetic, 141, 166

Weapon salve, 7

Wearable Computer Group (MIT), 190

Weaver, J., 110

Weibel, E.R., 219

Weinbaum, Stanley, 27

Weis-Fogh, Torkel, 334

Weiss, L., 221

Wells, Horace, 12

Wenger, C. Bruce, 239

Wenz, Gerhard, 50

Westinghouse Science and Technology Center, 41

Wetting, of surfaces, 278, 279

Wever, Rutger, 239

Weyl, H., 127

White blood cells (leukocytes), 120, 194, 229, 247, 253, 254, 301, 308, 312, 317, 318, 325, 326, 327, 328

White, J., 28, 29

Whitesides, George M., 47

Whitmore, R.L., 303

Wien's relation, 152

Will, Peter, 293

Williams, Robert, 127, 128

Wilson, Edward O., 179

Wilson, James A., 200

Wilson, J.F., 288

Winfree, Erik, 45, 350, 351

Winslow effect, 284

Wiseman, Richard, 8

Wolf packs, 2

Wong, S.S., 58

Wood, James Brent, Preface

Working stress, 99, 168

Worldwide data storage, 186

Worth, Christian P., Preface

Wound sealing, by insects, 1-2

Wowk, Brian, 26-27, 31

Wren, Sir Christopher, 14

Wunderlich, Carl, 10

WWV/WWVB, 342; see also Coordinated Universal Time

X

X-ray holography, 114

Y

Yale University, 29, 64

Yamamoto, G., 26, 48

Yao, J. Jason, 61

Year, tropical, Appendix A

Yoctocalorimetry, 107

Yodoxin, 366

Young's modulus,

generally, 139, 234, 286, 294, 358, 372

various materials, 52, 295, 329, 340, 341, 350, Appendix A

Young, Thomas, 9

Z

Zarate, Lucia, 209

Zeolites, 47, 89, 128

Zimmermann, M., 280

Zingsheim, H.P., 25

Zippocytes (dermal zippers), 32

Zweifach, B.W., 244, 245

Zwitterions, 84, 111

Zymogen, 224, 261

Zyvex LLC, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67

 


Last updated on 25 March 2003